Why does the yield curve typically slope upward?

The yield curve typically slopes upward because it reflects the compensation that lenders require for the greater risk associated with long-term loans. As the duration of the loan increases, so does the uncertainty regarding future economic conditions, inflation, and other risk factors. Longer-term investments are inherently riskier due to their exposure to changes in interest rates and the potential for economic fluctuations, which can affect repayment.

To offset these risks, lenders often demand a higher yield (interest rate) on long-term bonds compared to short-term bonds. This upward slope of the yield curve indicates that investors expect higher returns for taking on the uncertainty associated with longer maturities. This concept is foundational in understanding interest rate dynamics, term premiums, and investment strategies in fixed-income markets.